Chronology of the East-Indies 1513 - 1942
*) Events in Europe, Japan and other part of the world.
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1513 The Portuguese came to Java as the first Europeans, and were allowed to build a fort at Sunda Kelapa by the King of Padjadjaran.
1522 Padjadjaran allied with the Portuguese against the Islamic power.
1527 Sunda Kelapa was taken by Fatahillah of Bantam, while Portuguese were absent; and was renamed as Jayakerta.
1568* The Eighty-Year War started (the Dutch against the Spanish for independence, →1648).
1576 Portuguese built a fort at Ambon.
1579 Padjadjaran Kingdom extinguished.
1596 Dutch under De Houtman arrived at Banten.
1600* Dutch ship arrived, wrecked ashore, in Japan for the first time. William Adams and Jan Joosten were made retainers by Ieyasu Tokugawa.
1600 Ieyasu won the final civil war in Japan (Established the Shogunate government in 1603).
1600* English East India Company was chartered.
1601 VOC (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie) was formed.
1603 Dutch and English each built trading posts at Bantam.
1605 Portuguese surrendered to VOC at Ambon.
1611 Dutch set up trading post at Jayakerta.
1613* Christianity was forbidden in Japan. Dutch-contract emigration started (banned in 1621).
1613 Sultan Agung succeeded the Kingdom of Mataram.
1615 English built trading post at Jayakerta.
1619 Bantam and English force Dutch surrender at Jayakerta. The Dutch recovered under Jan Pieterszoon Coen, established presence and renamed the place Batavia.
1623 In Ambon, VOC arrested, executed and expelled the English.
1628 Sultan Agung of Mataram sent an army against VOC in Batavia; but failed to take the fort.
1629 Mataram attacked Batavia again but was defeated, although Coen died during the siege.
1636* Japanese wives and children of Portuguese fathers were deported to Manila or Macao.
1639* Japan was finally closed to foreign countries, except for Holland and China; Japanese wives and children of Dutch and English fathers were deported to Batavia.
1641 Dutch attacked and took Malacca from the Portuguese.
1722 Pieter Erberveld’s unsuccessful uprising to kill Europeans.
1740 Anti-Chinese riots in Batavia, killed more than 10,000 Chinese.
1755 The Kingdom of Mataram was divided after the Third Javan Succession war by the Treaty of Gijanti; Hamengkubuwono was made the Sultan at Jogjakarta, while Pakubuwono stayed at Solo as Susuhunan.
1775* America’s war of independence (→1783).
1778 The Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen was founded.
1789* The French Revolution began.
1795 Netherlands were occupied by Napoleon.
1798* Napoleonic Dutch government took over VOC and assumed its debts and assets.
1807 Daendels was appointed as Governor-General, arrived in Java in 1808.
1811 Daendels was replaced. British under Load Minto occupied Java; Stamford Raffles became the Lieutenant Governor (until 1815).
1815* The Peace of Vienna (from 1814) ended. The restoration of the Netherlands as a Kingdom was decided.
1815* Willem I’s Coronation in the Netherlands.
1816 Dutch returned to the East-Indies (according to the Peace of Vienna, 1815).
1817 Buitenzorg Botanic Garden opened.
1819* Stanford Raffles acquired Singapore from Johor.
1824 Treaty of London (between Britain and the Netherlands).
1825 The Java War (Diponegoro War →30) occurred.
1825 Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij founded.
1829 Van den Bosch was appointed as Governor-General.
1830 Culture System started.
1830* Belgium became independent from the Netherlands.
1839* The first railway in the Netherlands (Amsterdam-Haarlem).
1843 Famine in Central Java (→1848).
1845* Willem II’s Coronation in the Netherlands.
1851 Medical School Batavia and Teaching School Solo were opened.
1852 Billiton Company (tin mining) founded.
1854* Japan was opened to the world.
1856 Constitutional Regulation set up to entrust the power from the Netherlands to the Governor-General.
1856 Telegraph service was started (Batavia-Buitenzorg).
1856 Gutta-percha production started (for cable insulation).
1858 Dutch move forward to Sumatra (after Siak Treaty with Britain).
1860 Max Havelaar published.
1860 High-school opened in Batavia.
1861* American Civil War (→1864).
1863 Tobacco plantation started in Deli, North Sumatra.
1863* Middle-education Law enforced in the Netherlands.
1864 Entrance of natives to European primary schools was permitted.
1865 Compulsory labour in forests was abolished.
1866 Postal service was started.
1867 First state railway started (between Semarang and Tangung).
1868 Batavia Museum inaugurated.
1868* Meiji Restoration in Japan - transfer of the power to the Emperor.
1869* Suez Canal opened.
1870 Agrarian Law and Sugar Law enforced (to demolish the culture system).
1873 Achehnese War started (→1912).
1873 Construction of new harbour was begun (Batavia, Surabaya, Macassar, etc.).
1873* Primary Education Law was enforced in the Netherlands.
1881 Telephone company was started.
1883 Concession for exploiting oil for the Royal Netherlands Company.
1883 Krakatau eruption.
1884 Treub started a visitor’s laboratory in Buitenzorg Botanical Garden.
1887* French Indo-China established.
1888 K. P. M. shipping company founded.
1989* New Primary Education Law in the Netherlands (to support private schools).
1890* Queen Wilhelmina succeeded as sovereign in the Netherlands.
1891* Phillips Electric Lamp Company established.
1894* Sino-Japan War (→1895).
1898 State pawnshops introduced against Chinese and Arab money-lenders.
1898* The Spain-America War - The Philippines as well as Puerto Rico and Guam ceded to U. S.
1899 Van Deventer's >A debt of honour=, arguing the return of profit to the Indies.
1899* Den Haag International Peace Conference.
1899 Equal rights with Europeans given to Japanese in the East Indies.
1899 Equality of status with Europeans was granted to Japanese citizens living in the Dutch East Indies.
1899* Boer War (→1902).
1900 Java Medical School reformed to accept natives.
1901 Queen’s Speech for the introduction of the Ethic Policy.
1902 Paddy Banks was opened for villagers.
1903 Decentralization Law was enforced.
1904* Russo-Japan War (→1905).
1906 Rubber plantation started in Sumatra.
1906 Analytical Laboratory established at Buitenzorg.
1907 Village schools founded (after Village Regulation1906).
1908 Budi Utomo (the first nationalist association) founded.
1911* Chinese Revolution - Proclamation of >Republic= (Abdication of Qing Dynasty in 1912).
1914* First World War (→1918).
1914 Natives’ defense movements, including military service, concerning the Japanese threat (→1917, not realized).
1915 The Central Rubber Station established at Buitenzorg.
1917* Russian Revolution.
1918 Volksraad (People’s Council) held its first meeting.
1919 General Middle Schools (Western curriculum) founded.
1919* Versailles Conference.
1919* Japan took over the German Pacific Islands.
1920 Technical High-School Bandung established.
1920 Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) formed.
1920* The League of Nations founded.
1922 Constitution Reform (The East Indies, Surinam and Curacao acquired the same status as the Netherlands).
1923 Textile Institute established (Bandung).
1924 Law High School founded.
1925 East Indies Constitutional Law enforced.
1925 Radio Broadcast started.
1925* Public Peace Keeping Law enforced in Japan to control ideological movements.
1926 Uprising of PKI.
1927 Nationalist Party of Indonesia formed.
1927 Medical School Batavia promoted to High School status.
1927* The Monetary Crisis started at New York.
1928 Young-men's Oath (Indonesia as common nation, race and language).
1929 The Fourth Pacific Science Congress Java May-June 1929 was held with over 250 overseas members and participants.
1929* Collapse of the New York Stock Market (24 Oct.) - The economic depression followed.
1933 The Dutch East-Indies Army formed (under the control of the Governor-General).
1933* Crisis Cabinet in the Netherlands (→1939).
1934 Soekarno jailed. Hatta and Sjahrir jailed.
1937 Ten-Year Plan to bring about self-government for the East Indies drafted.
1937* Sino-Japan War after the Incident at the Marco Polo Bridge (→1945).
1940* The Second World War in Europe started. The Netherlands was occupied by Germany -The Dutch Queen exiled in London.
1940* Japanese army advanced to French Indo-china.
1940 Dutch-Japanese negotiations on the incorporation of the East-Indies into the East-Asia Sphere of Prosperity failed.
1941 University of Batavia formed (with existing colleges plus new Agriculture and Literature Colleges).
1941* The Second World War in the Pacific - Japan attacked Hawaii and South-East Asia.
1942 Japan invaded Java in March.
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